Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers

doi:10.1186/1465-9921-6-22

Respiratory Research

Volume 6

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van der Vaart H
Postma DS
Timens W
Hylkema MN
Willemse BW
Boezen HM
Vonk JM
de Reus DM
Kauffman HF
ten Hacken NH

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van der Vaart H
Postma DS
Timens W
Hylkema MN
Willemse BW
Boezen HM
Vonk JM
de Reus DM
Kauffman HF
ten Hacken NH
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Research

Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers

Hester van der Vaart¹ , Dirkje S Postma¹ , Wim Timens² , Machteld N Hylkema² , Brigitte WM Willemse² , H Marike Boezen⁴ , Judith M Vonk⁴ , Dorothea M de Reus³ , Henk F Kauffman³ and Nick HT ten Hacken¹

¹Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

²Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

³Department of Allergology University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

⁴Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

author email corresponding author email

Respiratory Research 2005, 6:22doi:10.1186/1465-9921-6-22


Published:	1 March 2005

Abstract

Background

Chronic smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowledge on the response to the initial smoke exposures might enhance the understanding of changes due to chronic smoking, since repetitive acute smoke effects may cumulate and lead to irreversible lung damage.

Methods

We investigated acute effects of smoking on inflammation in 16 healthy intermittent smokers in an open randomised cross-over study. We compared effects of smoking of two cigarettes on inflammatory markers in exhaled air, induced sputum, blood and urine at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 hours and outcomes without smoking. All sputum and blood parameters were log transformed and analysed using a linear mixed effect model.

Results

Significant findings were: Smoking increased exhaled carbon monoxide between 0 and 1 hour, and induced a greater decrease in blood eosinophils and sputum lymphocytes between 0 and 3 hours compared to non-smoking. Compared to non-smoking, smoking induced a greater interleukin-8 release from stimulated blood cells between 0 and 3 hours, and a greater increase in sputum lymphocytes and neutrophils between 3 and 12 hours.

Conclusion

We conclude that besides an increase in inflammation, as known from chronic smoking, there is also a suppressive effect of smoking two cigarettes on particular inflammatory parameters.