|
Supplementary functions: alveolar fluid balance, host defence, coagulation-fibrinolysis, cytokines, growth factors, cell–cell interaction, extracellular matrix formation |
||
| Function/Product |
Related to |
Reference |
|
|
||
| Fluid and electrolyte balance |
||
| Water channels |
||
| Aquaporin 1 |
[218] |
|
| Aquaporin 5 |
[219] |
|
| Hg-insensitive channel (MIWC) |
[220] |
|
| Hg-sensitive channel (CHIP28) |
[221] |
|
| Ion channels |
||
| H+-channel |
[222] |
|
| Na+-channel |
[223] |
|
| Cl--channel |
[224] |
|
| Ion pumps |
||
| H+-pump |
pH of hypophase fluid |
[30] |
| Cl-/HCO3-anion exchanger |
In vitro |
[225] |
| Na+/H+-ion exchanger |
[226] |
|
| Na+/K+-atpase |
Membrane potential |
[223,227,228] |
| Others |
||
| Protein clearance |
[229] |
|
| Carbanhydrase II |
[230] |
|
| Components of innate defence |
||
| Surfactant components |
||
| SP-A |
[32,33] |
|
| SP-D |
[34,190] |
|
| Lysozyme |
[35,191] |
|
| Antigen presentation |
||
| MHC class II |
Human (adult, foetal) |
[231,232] |
| IFN-stimulation |
[171] |
|
| HLA class I |
IFN-stimulation |
[233] |
| Fc-receptor |
Cell line A549, not present in vivo |
[234] |
| CD80, CD86 |
[234] |
|
| Complement complex |
||
| C2, C3, C4, C5 |
[235] |
|
| Antiproteases |
||
| α1-antitrypsin |
[236,237] |
|
| Elafin |
Cell line A549 |
[238] |
| Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) |
[239] |
|
| MMP-inhibitors (TIMP) |
[239] |
|
| Oxidants |
||
| NAD(P)H-oxidase |
[240] |
|
| Superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide |
[240] |
|
| Antioxidants |
||
| Glutathione |
[241] |
|
| γ-glutamyl transferase |
[242] |
|
| Plasmalogens |
Protection of surfactant |
[192] |
| Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
In vitro |
[243] |
| Mn-, Cu-, Zi-SOD |
In vitro |
[244] |
| Metabolism of Xenobiotics |
||
| Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase |
[245] |
|
| Coagulation/fibrinolysis |
||
| Fibrinogen |
[246] |
|
| Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) |
[247] |
|
| UPA receptor |
IL-1β stimulation |
[248] |
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PA-I) |
[247,249] |
|
| Tissue factor |
In bleomycin-induced injury |
[249,250] |
| Cytokines/receptors |
[251] |
|
| Cytokines |
||
| GM-CSF |
In vitro |
[165] |
| IL-1β |
Upon interaction with particles |
[252] |
| IL-4 |
Human, interstitial lung disease |
[253] |
| IL-6 |
Upon interaction with particles |
[252] |
| IL-8 |
IL-1, TNF-α stimulation |
[254,255,256] |
| IL-11 |
In vitro |
[257] |
| Interferon-γ |
Human, interstitial lung disease |
[253] |
| MCP-1 |
In vitro |
[258] |
| RANTES |
After TNF-α stimulation |
[173] |
| Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α |
Hyperplastic type II cells |
[259,260] |
| Cytokine receptors |
||
| IL-2-receptor |
In vitro |
[261] |
| TNF-receptor |
In vitro |
[262] |
| Lymphotoxin-β-receptor |
Hyperplastic type II cells |
[263] |
| Growth factors/receptors |
||
| Growth factors |
||
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) |
In vitro |
[264] |
| IGF-II |
[214] |
|
| Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) |
Idiopathic lung fibrosis |
[182] |
| TGF-α |
[265] |
|
| TGF-β |
Hyperplastic type II cells |
[266] |
| TGF-β1 |
Hyperplastic type II cells |
[267] |
| TGF-β3 |
Normal type II cells |
[268] |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
[269] |
|
| Growth factor receptors |
||
| Basic fibroblast growth factor-receptor |
[270] |
|
| EGF-receptor |
[271] |
|
| Hepatocyte growth factor-receptor |
[162] |
|
| KGF-receptor |
During ontogenesis |
[272,273] |
| IGF-receptor-1 |
Early postnatal phase |
[274] |
| IGF-receptor-2 |
[214] |
|
| Components of cell–cell interaction |
||
| Gap junction proteins |
||
| Connexin 43 |
Electric, ionic coupling |
[142] |
| Adhesion molecules |
||
| CD44s, CD44v |
[275] |
|
| Ep-Cam |
[146] |
|
| E-cadherin |
[276] |
|
| ICAM-1 |
After TNF-α stimulation |
[173,277] |
| VCAM-1 |
After TNF-α stimulation |
[173] |
| Integrins |
||
| α6 β1 |
In vitro |
[278] |
| α3 β1 |
In vitro |
[278] |
| Paracrine-acting molecules |
||
| Endothelin-1 |
Human |
[279] |
| Endothelin receptor A |
Rat cell line L2 |
[159] |
| Prostaglandin E-2 |
[280] |
|
| Prostacyclin |
[280] |
|
| Nitrogen oxide (NO) |
In vitro |
[281,282] |
| Constitutive NO synthase |
Human cell line A859 |
[283] |
| Inducible NO synthase |
In vitro, rat cell line L2 |
[281,284] |
| Components of extracellular matrix |
||
| Entactin |
Basal membrane, in vitro |
[285] |
| Laminin |
Basal membrane, in vitro |
[278] |
| Fibronectin |
In vitro |
[286,287] |
| Tenascin |
Early organogenesis |
[288] |
| Hyperplastic type II cells |
[289] |
|
| Proteoglycans |
In vitro |
[290] |
| Collagen type IV |
[291,292] |
|
Fehrenbach Respiratory Research 2001 2:33 doi:10.1186/rr36 |
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